TY  - BOOK
AU  - Berenguer, Marian Angle S. 
TI  - Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using mandarin orange (citrus reticulata) peel extract
PY  - 2024///
CY  - City of Batac
PB  - MMSU, 
N1  - UTHESIS (Bachelor of Science in Ceramic Engineering); Bibliography : leaves 36-39
N2  - There are several methods for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), 
including chemical reduction, microemulsion, sonochemical, sol-gel, and 
electrochemical techniques. However, these chemical methods can be toxic and 
expensive. In contrast, green synthesis using plant extracts, such as mandarin orange 
peel (MOP) extract, offers a non-toxic, eco-friendly, and cost-effective alternative for 
producing AgNPs. Thus, there is a need for "green synthesis" of nanoparticles, this 
method avoids the use of high temperatures, pressures, energy, and toxic chemicals. 
Silver nanoparticles are synthesized by the reduction of silver ions to neutral silver 
atoms. This is achieved by the reduction of silver ions by a reducing agent. In this 
study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized through a green synthesis 
method using the extracts from Mandarin Orange Peel (MOP) that acts as a reducing 
agent. The effects of reaction time on the nanoparticles were investigated. Four (4) 
treatments (reaction times) were conducted, each with three (3) replicates. Following 
the reaction times, the samples underwent a centrifugation process to separate the 
particles from the solution, and then it was characterized and analyzed utilizing XRF 
and SEM technique. The pH level 4.9 adhered to the standard acidity criteria, and the 
maximum absorption peak wavelength which is 390nm of the MOP extract was 
within the acceptable range. The visible color change from light yellow to dark brown 
indicated the rapid formation and nucleation of silver nanoparticles. The percentage 
yield extracted from the solution obtained was low, having the highest yield of 
11.80% only. Based on the XRF data analysis, (Ag) was not detected due to the 
detection limits of the instrument. SEM revealed that the synthesized AgNPs 
exhibited a structure consisting of spherical and cubical structures and average sizes 
fall within the standard nanoparticles range of 1-100 nm. The smallest AgNPs, 
averaging 33.59 nm in size, were synthesized through a 24-hour reaction
ER  -